Epithelial Transport Mechanisms Practice Test

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• How does cystic fibrosis affect epithelial Cl- and bicarbonate transport, particularly in the lungs and pancreas?
• What transport is observed for D on the basal side?
• Which enzyme catalyzes hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate in epithelial cells to support bicarbonate reclamation?
• What is the main role of the Na+/K+-ATPase in the resting membrane potential?
• Which transporter mediates phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule and is a target of PTH?
• What is an ionotropic neurotransmitter effect?
• Which substance undergoes primary active transport?
• Which transporter mediates electroneutral Na+ absorption in the colon?
• What type of receptor is NMDA?
• Which transporter is the major apical Na+/H+ exchanger in the proximal tubule?
• The transporter encoded by SLC26A3 is which transporter’s common name?
• What removes the Mg2+ block from the NMDA receptor?
• During which phase does K+ conductance contribute to repolarization?
• What is the gene symbol for the principal apical transporter for neutral amino acids in the small intestine?
• Which transporter is primarily responsible for Cl- secretion in many secretory epithelia and a major target of CFTR regulation?
• Which type of synapse is bidirectional?
• How does vasopressin influence AQP2 trafficking in collecting duct principal cells?
• What type of transport is A on the basal side?
• Which transporter provides basolateral bicarbonate export in exchange for Na+ in several epithelia?
• What is the primary function of AMPA receptors during initial excitation?
• Action potentials are primarily propagated along which part?
• What is the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on renal bicarbonate reabsorption?
• Which intestinal transporter provides luminal Cl- entry for CFTR-supported secretion and is coupled to bicarbonate secretion?
• What type of receptor is AMPA?
• Peroxidase is best described as
• Which transport moves between epithelial cells rather than through a cell?
• Which transport directly hydrolyzes ATP?
• Which receptor type directly gates an ion channel?
• What is the relationship between conductance and resistance?
• Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
• Which process occurs in the cytoplasm to generate ATP from glucose?
• Which statement describes serial processing?
• What happens between nodes versus at nodes in a myelinated axon?
• What happens after neurotransmitter binds to a postsynaptic receptor?
• Where is SOD1 primarily located?
• Which statement best describes parallel processing?
• Which statement best describes a peroxisome?
• Oncotic pressure is primarily due to plasma proteins such as albumin.
• Where is SOD2 primarily located?
• Which hormone increases ENaC activity and potassium secretion in the collecting duct?
• What is the role of Protein Kinase A (PKA) in signaling?
• Outline the basic sequence of proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation, including the apical and basolateral transporters and enzymes.
• Which statement describes secondary active transport?
• Which statement best describes Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?
• What is one hormone that uses a tyrosine kinase receptor?
• Which statement about receptor tyrosine kinase signaling is true?
• What can terminate a reverberating neural circuit?
• Which tight junction proteins regulate paracellular ion movement and can be modulated by aldosterone?
• Which protein family primarily determines paracellular permeability in epithelia?
• Which statement describes parallel processing?
• Which transporter mediates Na+, K+, and 2 Cl- reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, and what diuretic inhibits it?
• Which is an example of serial processing?
• Which proton pump drives H+ secretion into the tubular lumen in alpha-intercalated cells?
• Which statement best describes receptor tyrosine kinase signaling?
• Which type of synapse is typically unidirectional?
• Which ion primarily contributes to the negative resting membrane potential via leak channels?
• Reverberation is defined as what?
• Which membrane protein regulated by vasopressin controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct?
• What type of transport is C on the basal side?
• What does IP3 do in signaling?
• What does Protein Kinase C do?
• What is the role of CFTR in epithelial Cl- secretion?
• Convergence is defined as what?
• Which hormone increases the expression and activity of ENaC to boost Na+ reabsorption?
• Which of the following statements about receptor tyrosine kinases is true?
• Inhibition of the basolateral Na+/K+ ATPase would most directly reduce which process?
• How does depolarization affect NMDA receptor activation?
• Which transporter families handle calcium extrusion at the basolateral membrane in distal nephron cells?
• What generates the majority of the negative resting membrane potential?
• Which aquaporin set is expressed on the basolateral membranes of collecting duct principal cells to facilitate water movement?
• Which hormone increases TRPV5 activity to enhance renal calcium reabsorption?
• Which transporter maintains the intracellular Na+ concentration and the Na+ gradient across the basolateral membrane in most epithelia?
• What type of transport is B on the luminal side?
• Which acetylcholine receptor subtype signals through G proteins?
• In the distal nephron, which transporter is targeted by thiazide diuretics and what ions does it reabsorb?
• How do electrical synapses pass current directly between cells?
• Which type of receptor is NOT typically associated with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity?
• Which transporters mediate glucose absorption in enterocytes?
• CFTR protein functions as which type of transporter in secretory epithelia?
• Oncotic pressure is best described as
• Primary active transport differs from secondary in that energy comes from?
• What can stop a reverberating circuit?
• Which transporter carries out a crucial role in chloride absorption in the colon, often working with bicarbonate secretion?
• Which statement accurately describes nicotinic receptors?
• What is a metabotropic neurotransmitter effect?
• What are the major steps of an action potential?
• Which transporter in the TAL is inhibited by loop diuretics?
• How is proximal tubule bicarbonate reabsorption increased during metabolic acidosis?
• What does phosphodiesterase (PDE) do?
• Which transporter is located on the basolateral membrane to export glucose into the bloodstream after intestinal absorption?
• Which enzyme class accelerates intracellular formation of bicarbonate from CO2 in proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation?
• Which apical transporter mediates Na+-coupled glucose uptake in the small intestine?
• Why is a stronger stimulus required during the relative refractory period?
• Which enzyme forms bicarbonate intracellularly from CO2 within proximal tubule cells?
• What type of transport is E when it moves between epithelial cells?
• What is the net effect of CFTR activity on luminal Cl- and bicarbonate exchange in secretory epithelia?
• What describes the change when Na+ channels inactivate during an action potential?
• Which organelle is responsible for the catabolism of very long fatty acids and certain amino acids?
• In the proximal tubule, which apical transporter exchanges Na+ for H+?
• What transporter is the primary glucose transporter inhibited by SGLT2 inhibitors in the kidney?
• How does FGF23 affect phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?
• Which event best describes the immediate postsynaptic effect when neurotransmitter binds to its receptor?
• Secondary active transport gains energy from what source?
• Which transport occurs through the lipid bilayer without a transporter?
• TRPV5 is expressed in the distal nephron; which option best describes its location?
• Which channel is the key apical Ca2+ entry pathway in the distal nephron and is regulated by PTH?
• Which statement correctly describes receptor tyrosine kinases?
• What type of transport is B on the basal side?
• Which channel participates in transepithelial Na+ absorption in the alveolar epithelium to drive liquid clearance?
• Which chloride channel is the main target of CFTR in secretory epithelia and is activated by cAMP?
• Aldosterone modulates paracellular ion movement through which tight junction proteins?
• Between nodes conduction with myelin?
• Which term describes reverberation?
• How does reverberation work?
• What arrives at the presynaptic terminal to begin neurotransmitter release?
• Which statement correctly identifies the location of SOD2?
• Which transporter handles glucose exit from enterocytes on the basolateral side?
• What is the role of DAG in signaling?
• What important channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier?
• Are muscarinic receptors metabotropic or ionotropic?
• Name a Na+-coupled amino acid transporter on the intestinal apical membrane.
• Divergence is defined as what?
• Which SOD isoform is located in the mitochondria?
• The proximal tubule apical Na+/H+ exchanger mediates which of the following exchanges?
• Which intestinal apical transporter exchanges Cl- for HCO3- and secretes bicarbonate into the lumen?
• What creates the lumen-positive transepithelial potential in the thick ascending limb (TAL)?
• DRA gene symbol?
• In the proximal small intestine, what is the primary transporter responsible for luminal glucose uptake into enterocytes on the apical membrane?
• What type of transport is D on the luminal side?
• What does AMPA receptor activation do at the postsynaptic membrane?
• Which transporter is the basolateral transporter for glucose exit into blood in enterocytes?
• Which statement describes divergence?
• Which ion primarily enters through AMPA receptors during the initial depolarization?
• Which transporter is the principal mediator of luminal glucose uptake in the proximal small intestine?
• In the context of synaptic plasticity, what role does Ca2+ play when entering through NMDA receptors?
• Which opioid receptor tends to bind morphine?
• What type of transport is D on the basal side?
• Which hormone is commonly associated with tyrosine kinase receptors?
• In the colon, which transporter mediates electroneutral Na+ absorption via Na+/H+ exchange?
• Vasopressin increases water reabsorption by promoting AQP2 trafficking to the apical membrane in collecting duct principal cells?
• What type of transport is C on the luminal side?
• Which event directly follows NMDA channel opening in the described pathway?
• Which channel recycles potassium in the TAL to maintain the lumen-positive potential?
• Which channel mediates apical Ca2+ entry in the distal nephron?
• What is saltatory conduction?
• What happens after Ca2+ enters through NMDA receptors during LTP?
• Which substance can move both transcellularly and paracellularly?
• In the alveolar epithelium, what are the two main components responsible for liquid clearance?
• Which transporter is the apical transporter for glucose uptake via the Na+ gradient in enterocytes?
• What is the difference between allopurinol and SOD?
• Which two types of receptors are associated with tyrosine kinase?
• Which transporter on the basolateral membrane reabsorbs bicarbonate in the proximal tubule in a Na+-dependent manner?
• Which sequence describes the LTP pathway as described?
• What are the three classes of opioid receptors?
• Osmotic pressure refers to
• Which transporter is the principal apical transporter for neutral amino acids in the small intestine?
• Which statement describes convergence?
• In the proximal tubule, what is the major apical Na+/H+ exchanger?
• Distinguish primary and secondary active transport with a kidney/epithelial transporter example for each.
• Which basolateral transporter reclaims filtered bicarbonate from the proximal tubule into the blood?
• During long-term potentiation, what is the basic AMPA → NMDA sequence?
• If a stimulus that would normally trigger an action potential is subthreshold, what happens?
• Which has greater resistance to local current flow: dendrites or the soma?
• How does loop diuretic therapy influence calcium reabsorption in the kidney?
• Which transporter reabsorbs phosphate in the proximal tubule and is inhibited by PTH?
• Which molecule is primarily responsible for releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores in response to signaling?
• Where is SOD3 primarily located?
• In the alveolar epithelium, which channel mediates Na+ entry across the apical membrane for fluid clearance?
• What are the main water-transporting aquaporins in the collecting duct?
• NBCe1 is best described as which type of transporter?
• Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
• Name the five neuronal pool names.
• Where are local/graded potentials especially important in a neuron?
• What condition must be met for NMDA receptors to conduct Ca2+ ions?
• What type of transport is E through the cell membrane?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes transcellular and paracellular transport, and which protein family determines paracellular permeability?
• Muscarinic receptors are typically classified as which type of receptor?
• Which aquaporin is highly expressed in the proximal tubule and descending limb?
• Which downstream signaling feature is commonly associated with tyrosine kinase receptor activation?
• Local/graded potentials are best described as which?
• Which description best characterizes insulin receptor signaling?
• Which are the five neuronal pool names described?
• Serial processing is defined as what?
• Which endogenous substances bind opioid receptors?
• Which apical transporter secretes H+ into the tubular lumen in the proximal tubule to facilitate bicarbonate reclamation?
• Which signaling event is directly activated by DAG?
• Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
• Which ion is primarily responsible for triggering the long-term changes after NMDA receptor activation?
• What is conductance?
• Which signaling pathway commonly regulates CFTR activity in secretory epithelia?
• What is the net effect on synaptic strength as a result of LTP?
• Which hormone using a tyrosine kinase receptor would likely influence glucose uptake in tissues?
• Which statement describes muscarinic receptors?
• Which substances undergo secondary active transport on the luminal side?
• NBCe1 corresponds to which SLC gene symbol?